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Cascading Style Sheets - Wikipedia. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language. Along with HTML and Java. Script, CSS is a cornerstone technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications. It can also display the web page differently depending on the screen size or viewing device. Readers can also specify a different style sheet, such as a CSS file stored on their own computer, to override the one the author specified.
Changes to the graphic design of a document (or hundreds of documents) can be applied quickly and easily, by editing a few lines in the CSS file they use, rather than by changing markup in the documents. The CSS specification describes a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so- called cascade, priorities (or weights) are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable. The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3. C). Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2. March 1. 99. 8). The W3. C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS documents.
Each rule or rule- set consists of one or more selectors, and a declaration block. Selector. A class may apply to any number of instances of any elements.
An ID may only be applied to a single element. Pseudo- classes are used in CSS selectors to permit formatting based on information that is not contained in the document tree. One example of a widely used pseudo- class is : hover, which identifies content only when the user .
It is appended to a selector as in a: hover or #elementid: hover. A pseudo- class classifies document elements, such as : link or : visited, whereas a pseudo- element makes a selection that may consist of partial elements, such as : :first- line or : :first- letter. The order of the selectors is important.
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For example, div. Class. Each declaration itself consists of a property, a colon (: ), and a value. If there are multiple declarations in a block, a semi- colon (; ) must be inserted to separate each declaration.
Each property has a set of possible values. Some properties can affect any type of element, and others apply only to particular groups of elements. Color values can be specified with keywords (e. All font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders and sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS lets authors move much of that information to another file, the style sheet, resulting in considerably simpler HTML.
- Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) is part of the family of XML markup languages. It mirrors or extends versions of the widely used Hypertext Markup.
- CSS3 and HTML5 are those primary things that every developer considers first before they start creating an extremely stylish and trendy website design.
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For example, headings (h. HTML. In print and on the screen, choice of font, size, color and emphasis for these elements is presentational. Before CSS, document authors who wanted to assign such typographic characteristics to, say, all h. HTML presentational markup for each occurrence of that heading type. This made documents more complex, larger, and more error- prone and difficult to maintain. CSS allows the separation of presentation from structure. CSS can define color, font, text alignment, size, borders, spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics, and can do so independently for on- screen and printed views.
CSS also defines non- visual styles, such as reading speed and emphasis for aural text readers. The W3. C has now deprecated the use of all presentational HTML markup. The coding is started with the style tag. These sources can be the web browser, the user and the author. The information from the author can be further classified into inline, media type, importance, selector specificity, rule order, inheritance and property definition.
CSS style information can be in a separate document or it can be embedded into an HTML document. Multiple style sheets can be imported.
Different styles can be applied depending on the output device being used; for example, the screen version can be quite different from the printed version, so that authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium. The style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display.
Declarations not set in the highest priority source are passed on to a source of lower priority, such as the user agent style. This process is called cascading. One of the goals of CSS is to allow users greater control over presentation. Someone who finds red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet. Depending on the browser and the web site, a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers, or may remove all added styles and view the site using the browser's default styling, or may override just the red italic heading style without altering other attributes. CSS priority scheme (highest to lowest)Priority. CSS source type. Description.
Importance. The . Based on specification, a simple selector (e. H1) has a specificity of 1, class selectors have a specificity of 1,0, and ID selectors a specificity of 1,0,0. Because the specificity values do not carry over as in the decimal system, commas are used to separate the . Inheritance is the mechanism by which properties are applied not only to a specified element, but also to its descendants.
Descendant elements may inherit CSS property values from any ancestor element enclosing them. In general, descendant elements inherit text- related properties, but box- related properties are not inherited. Properties that can be inherited are color, font, letter- spacing, line- height, list- style, text- align, text- indent, text- transform, visibility, white- space and word- spacing. Properties that cannot be inherited are background, border, display, float and clear, height, and width, margin, min- and max- height and - width, outline, overflow, padding, position, text- decoration, vertical- align and z- index. Inheritance prevents certain properties from being declared over and over again in a style sheet, allowing the software developers to write less CSS. It enhances faster- loading of web pages by users and enables the clients to save money on bandwidth and development costs. Example. The style sheet h.
Whitespace. This code snippet: body. Block items stack vertically, like paragraphs and like the items in a bulleted list. Normal flow also includes relative positioning of block or inline items, and run- in boxes.
Floats. A floated item is taken out of the normal flow and shifted to the left or right as far as possible in the space available. Other content then flows alongside the floated item. Absolute positioning. An absolutely positioned item has no place in, and no effect on, the normal flow of other items. It occupies its assigned position in its container independently of other items.
If an item is positioned in any way other than static, then the further properties top, bottom, left, and right are used to specify offsets and positions. Static. The default value places the item in the normal flow. Relative. The item is placed in the normal flow, and then shifted or offset from that position. Subsequent flow items are laid out as if the item had not been moved. Absolute. Specifies absolute positioning. The element is positioned in relation to its nearest non- static ancestor.
Fixed. The item is absolutely positioned in a fixed position on the screen even as the rest of the document is scrolled. Absolutely positioned or fixed items cannot be floated.
Other elements normally flow around floated items, unless they are prevented from doing so by their clear property. The item floats to the left of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow around its right side. The item floats to the right of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow around its left side. Forces the element to appear underneath ('clear') floated elements to the left (clear: left), right (clear: right) or both sides (clear: both).
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XHTML - Wikipedia. Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) is part of the family of XMLmarkup languages. It mirrors or extends versions of the widely used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which Web pages are formulated.
While HTML, prior to HTML5, was defined as an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a flexible markup language framework, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML. XHTML documents are well- formed and may therefore be parsed using standard XML parsers, unlike HTML, which requires a lenient HTML- specific parser. XHTML 1. 1 became a W3.
C Recommendation on May 3. The standard known as XHTML5 is being developed as an XML adaptation of the HTML5 specification. In the current XHTML 1. Recommendation document, as published and revised to August 2. W3. C commented that, . By migrating to XHTML today, content developers can enter the XML world with all of its attendant benefits, while still remaining confident in their content's backward and future compatibility. The WHATWG eventually began working on a standard that supported both XML and non- XML serializations, HTML5, in parallel to W3.
C standards such as XHTML 2. In 2. 00. 7, the W3.
C's HTML working group voted to officially recognize HTML5 and work on it as the next- generated HTML standard. The Document Object Model (DOM) is a tree structure that represents the page internally in applications, and XHTML and HTML are two different ways of representing that in markup (serializations). Both are less expressive than the DOM (for example, .
First off, one source of differences is immediate: XHTML uses an XML syntax, while HTML uses a pseudo- SGML syntax (officially SGML for HTML 4 and under, but never in practice, and standardised away from SGML in HTML5). Secondly however, because the expressible contents of the DOM in syntax are slightly different, there are some changes in actual behavior between the two models. First, there are some differences in syntax.
The exact parsing of HTML in practice has been undefined until recently; see the HTML5 specification (. XHTML). Second, in contrast to these minor syntactical differences, there are some behavioral differences, mostly arising from the underlying differences in serialization. For example: Most prominently, behavior on parse errors differ. A fatal parse error in XML (such as an incorrect tag structure) causes document processing to be aborted.
Most content requiring namespaces will not work in HTML, except the built- in support for SVG and Math. ML in the HTML5 parser along with certain magic prefixes such as xlink.
Java. Script processing is a little different in XHTML, with minor changes in case sensitivity to some functions, and further precautions to restrict processing to well- formed content. Scripts must not use the document. XHTML. The inner. HTML property is available, but will not insert non- well- formed content. On the other hand, it can be used to insert well- formed namespaced content into XHTML. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is also applied slightly differently. Due to XHTML's case- sensitivity, all CSS selectors become case sensitive for XHTML documents.
To aid authors in the transition, the W3. C provided guidance on how to publish XHTML 1.
HTML- compatible manner, and serve them to browsers that were not designed for XHTML. When measuring the adoption of XHTML to that of regular HTML, therefore, it is important to distinguish whether it is media type usage or actual document contents that is being compared. Both Internet Explorer 7 (released in 2. Internet Explorer 8 (released in March 2.
XHTML) regarding searching, indexing and parsing as well as future- proofing the Web itself. In October 2. 00. HTML inventor and W3. C chair Tim Berners- Lee, introducing a major W3. C effort to develop a new HTML specification, posted in his blog that, . The large HTML- generating public did not move .
This introduced Voyager, the codename for a new markup language based on HTML 4, but adhering to the stricter syntax rules of XML. By February 1. 99. XHTML 1. 0: The Extensible Hyper.
Text Markup Language, and in January 2. W3. C Recommendation. The feature is intended to help XHTML extend its reach onto emerging platforms, such as mobile devices and Web- enabled televisions.
The initial draft of Modularization of XHTML became available in April 1. Recommendation status in April 2. It was itself superseded by a second edition in July 2. The W3. C released a first draft in September 1. Recommendation status was reached in May 2.
Other changes include removal of the name attribute from the a and map elements, and (in the first edition of the language) removal of the lang attribute in favour of xml: lang. Although XHTML 1. XHTML 1. 0 and HTML 4, in August 2. Working Group issued a formal Note advising that it should not be transmitted with the HTML media type.
In January 2. 00. XHTML Media Types - Second Edition) was issued, relaxing this restriction and allowing XHTML 1. With XHTML 1. 1, it is one of the two first implementations of modular XHTML. In addition to the Core Modules (Structure, Text, Hypertext, and List), it implements the following abstract modules: Base, Basic Forms, Basic Tables, Image, Link, Metainformation, Object, Style Sheet, and Target. It also supports additional tags and attributes from other modules. This version became a W3. C recommendation on 2.
July 2. 00. 8. This version also supports the lang attribute. Like XHTML Basic, XHTML was developed for information appliances with limited system resources.
In October 2. 00. Wireless Application Protocol Forum began adapting XHTML Basic for WAP 2. Wireless Application Protocol. WAP Forum based their DTD on the W3.
C's Modularization of XHTML, incorporating the same modules the W3. C used in XHTML Basic 1. Starting with this foundation, the WAP Forum replaced the Basic Forms Module with a partial implementation of the Forms Module, added partial support for the Legacy and Presentation modules, and added full support for the Style Attribute Module. In 2. 00. 2, the WAP Forum was subsumed into the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), which continued to develop XHTML Mobile Profile as a component of their OMA Browsing Specification. XHTML Mobile Profile 1. XHTML MP 1. 1 is part of v. OMA Browsing Specification (1 November 2.
XHTML MP 1. 2 is part of v. OMA Browsing Specification (1. March 2. 00. 7). Events in this version of the specification are updated to DOM Level 3 specifications (i. XHTML 1. 2. The inputmode attribute from XHTML Basic 1. The XHTML2 WG had not been chartered to carry out the development of XHTML1. Since the W3. C announced that it does not intend to recharter the XHTML2 WG.
This lack of compatibility with XHTML 1. HTML 4 caused some early controversy in the web developer community. A ninth draft of XHTML 2.
July 2, 2. 00. 9, the W3. C decided to let the XHTML2 Working Group charter expire by that year's end, effectively halting any further development of the draft into a standard.
This would have been useful in creating nested menus, which are currently created by a wide variety of means like nested unordered lists or nested definition lists. Any element was to be able to act as a hyperlink, e. However, XLink itself is not compatible with XHTML due to design differences. Any element was to be able to reference alternative media with the src attribute, e.
The level of these headings was determined by the depth of the nesting. This would have allowed the use of headings to be infinite, rather than limiting use to six levels deep. The remaining presentational elements i, b and tt, still allowed in XHTML 1. Strict), were to be absent from XHTML 2. The only somewhat presentational elements remaining were to be sup and sub for superscript and subscript respectively, because they have significant non- presentational uses and are required by certain languages. All other tags were meant to be semantic instead (e.